海外社会实践：英国可持续建筑环境暑期社会实践队“游”文化篇（三）

Overseas Social Practice | UK Sustainable Built Environment Summer Social Practice Team - "Travel" Culture （Three）

学习英国生态文化

Learn about British eco-culture

我们从伦敦一路北上直到爱丁堡。在这段路途上，英国的生态环境让我们印象深刻。美轮美奂的温德米尔湖区彰显着人与自然相融的魅力，一尘不染的古老街道上展现出人文环境的风采。从工业革命时期的污染重地到现在的鸟语花香，我们开始思考英国的“华丽逆袭”之路。

We go all the way north from London to Edinburgh. We are impressed by the ecological environment of the UK on this journey. The beautiful Lake Windermere Lake shows the charm of the blend of man and nature, and the unspoiled old streets show the human environment. From the heavy pollution of the Industrial Revolution to the great environment now, we began to think about Britain's "glamorous counterattack" road.

英国天气：

British climate:

首先是英国的天气。连续三天的阳光，已经是不列颠岛对我们的盛情欢迎。英国历史上少有达到35摄氏度以上高温。本次旅途中大部分时间稠云密布，英国最常出现的天气是18-19摄氏度的多风的阴天，偶尔伴随显露些许阳光，越是向北走到苏格兰地界，越是明显，与其说是温带海洋性气候，不如说是接近挪威的苔原气候。而南边的伦敦，伯明翰和雷丁等地区，多雨多云的天气，像极了秋冬季节的重庆大学，虽然没有滂沱大雨，但小雨不断，可谓“从雾都到雾都”。这样的气候也导致英国草地较多，阳光较少所以草长得不高，绿地连绵。总而言之，英国的天气以凉爽打头阵，辅以个别晴天和少许绵绵细雨。这样的天气很适合温带落叶阔叶林等大型植被的生长，有助于加速生态系统的自我演替。

The first is the weather in British. The three consecutive days of sunshine have been a warm welcome from the British Isles. Britain has rarely reached temperatures above 35℃. Much of the time on the trip was cloudy, with the most frequently weather seen in the UK being a windy cloudy day of 18-19℃ and occasionally some sunshine. The more northwards to the Scottish boundary, the more obvious it was, not so much temperate maritime climate, but closer to Norway's tundra climate. In the south of London, Birmingham and Reading and other areas, rainy and cloudy weather, like the autumn and winter festival of Chongqing University, although there is no heavy rain, but the rain continued, can be described as "from fog to fog." This climate also leads to more grasslands in the UK, less sunlight so grass is not tall but continuous. All in all, the weather in the UK is headed by cool weather, complemented by a few sunny days and a little drizzle. Such weather is suitable for the growth of large vegetation such as temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests, and helps to accelerate the self-replacement of ecosystems.

英国草地：

British grassland:

英国的草地也是其生态环境建设中不可缺少的一环。英国，被称为草坪上的国家，随处可见大面积的草场，草坪让英国拥有了板球、现代足球等等运动，也饲养了大量的牛羊。英国得天独厚的气候条件，使得草场一年有将近8个月的时间保持常绿。而这样的草坪生态系统，也促进了人与自然和谐统一，在这里，海鸥鸽子会成群结队休息在草坪上，人们也会在草坪上休息玩耍，城市与自然充分融合，给人以舒适放松的感觉。

Britain's grassland is also an indispensable part of its ecological environment construction. Britain, known as the country on the lawn, can be seen everywhere large areas of grass so that Britain has cricket, modern football and so on, but also raised a large number of cattle and sheep. Britain's unique climatic conditions have kept the pastures green for nearly eight months a year. And such a lawn ecosystem also promote the harmony between man and nature. Here, seagulls and pigeons will rest in groups on the lawn, people will also rest and play on the lawn, the city and nature fully integrated, giving people a feeling of comfort and relaxation.

草坪利用于庭院始于波斯帝国，后流传于阿拉伯乃至罗马帝国，并最终成为西方文化的一部分，各地村落的聚会场所或休闲地区开始以铺草地为时尚。时至16世纪，足球运动风靡欧洲大陆，草地的品质也随之获得重视，草地的管理与维护技术日臻完善。如今，英国人更是爱草如命。现代化城市的不断兴建与发展，使人们远离大自然，却没有使他们忘记大自然。相反，随着物质文明的不断进步，人们不仅更加喜欢到大自然中去，而且想方设法把大自然引回到自己的身边。这种优良的草质首先得益于英国科学的种草技术和手段。传统上，英国的草地以种植禾草或苜蓿与禾草相混合为主。经过多年的精挑细选，“宜人”类草种基本锁定8种生命力极强的植物，其中80%为黑麦草和紫羊茅等。在具体种植上，草种的选择又依环境而有所不同。比如，一般居家庭院适用的草种就要与林地边缘、绿篱下阴暗地以及湿地等的草种严格区分。并且，在英国，爱护草地的观念早已深入人心。当然，这并不表现在禁止践踏草坪上。相反，草地是供人尽情享受的。可享受也有享受的规则。比如，在公园里，休闲草地和运动草地分得一清二楚。类似足球等剧烈的活动，请到运动区，因为那里的草质更抗践踏，而且补种更频繁。

The use of the lawn in the courtyard began in the Persian Empire, spread to the Arab and even Roman Empires, and eventually became part of Western culture, and the meeting places or leisure areas of villages began to be styled by lawns. By the 16th century, football was popular in continental Europe, the quality of grassland was also paid attention to, and the management and maintenance of grassland was improving day by day. Nowadays, the British love grass even more. The continuous construction and development of modern cities keep people away from nature, but they do not forget nature. On the contrary, with the continuous progress of material civilization, people not only like nature more, but also find ways to bring nature back to their own side. This excellent grass quality first benefited from the British scientific techniques and means of grass. Traditionally, British grasslands have been dominated by the cultivation of grass or alfalfa mixing with grass. After years of careful selection, basically 8 kinds of very strong vitality plants are selected as "pleasant" grass species, 80% of which are rye grass and purple sheep, etc. In terms of specific planting, the choice of grass species varies according to the environment. For example, the grass species that apply to the general home courtyard are strictly distinguished from the grass species on the edge of the woodland, under the hedges, and in the wetlands. And, in Britain, the idea of caring for grass has long been deeply rooted in people's minds. Of course, this does not manifest itself in the prohibition of trampling on the lawn. On the contrary, the grass is for people to enjoy. There are also rules to enjoy. In the park, for example, leisure meadows and sports meadows are clearly divided. For acute activities such as football, should go to the sports area, where the grass is more resistant to trampling and replanting more frequently.

英国的绿色建筑也颇具特色。譬如位于伦敦的瑞士再保险塔，它建筑界的地位不容小觑。其曲线形外观可以疏导气流，而流线造型可以避免建筑周边强风对高层的破坏；同时建筑外墙采用的幕墙技术使得建筑体系可以按照不同功能区对通风、照明等提供可控结构，完美贴合绿色建筑的生态特征。

Britain's green architecture is also very distinctive. The Swiss Re Tower in London, for example, has a place in the construction sector. Its curved appearance can channel the air flow, and the streamlined shape can avoid the damage to the high-rise by strong winds around the building, while the curtain wall technology used on the exterior wall of the building makes the building system can provide a controllable structure according to the ventilation and lighting of different functional areas, perfectly fitting the ecological characteristics of the green building.

绿色巴士：

Green bus:

英国的公交车也体现出了英国为保护环境所做出的努力。英国的公交车多为双层的电动巴士，而世界上的许多国家，尤其是一些非洲及拉丁美洲的发展中国家至今仍在使用传统的燃油公交车。根据调查显示，一辆普通燃油公交车所消耗的能量大约为行驶同等距离下普通小汽车的30倍。传统公交车内燃机排放的尾气含有CO、NOx、HC等主要大气污染物，且尾气中的氮氧化合物和小颗粒易形成酸雨光化学烟雾，同时发动机启动的声音过大还会对过往行人产生噪音污染。而与传统公交车相比，电动巴士使用的是清洁能源，不会对环境造成污染，能源效率远高于燃油公交车，百里耗电费用大约为燃油公交车的三分之一，具有性能稳定、充电时间短、提速快、续行里程长，抗过载能力强，不烧电机，爬坡动力强劲的特点。同时电动巴士启动时只会发出短暂而微弱的嗡嗡声，不会产生噪音。

Britain's buses also reflect the country's efforts to protect the environment. Britain's buses are mostly double-decker electric buses, and many countries around the world, especially in developing countries in Africa and Latin America, still use traditional fuel buses. According to the survey, an ordinary fuel bus consumes about 30 times as much energy as a regular car at the same distance. The exhaust gas emitted by conventional bus internal combustion engine contains major atmospheric pollutants such as CO, NOx and HC, and the nitrogen oxide compounds and small particles in the exhaust gas can easily form acid-rain photochemical smoke, while the sound of engine start is too loud and will produce noise pollution to passers-by. Compared with traditional buses, electric buses are using clean energy, will not cause pollution to the environment, energy efficiency is much higher than fuel buses, hundred miles of electricity consumption costs about one-third of the fuel bus, with stable performance, short charging time, speed up, long mileage, strong resistance to overload, non-burning motor, climbing power is strong characteristics. At the same time, the electric bus starts with only a short and faint hum and no noise.

垃圾分类：

Refuse classification:

不久前我国刚刚兴起垃圾分类热，而英国的垃圾分类已经相对成熟了。经了解，英国生活垃圾的分类回收是在1995年前后开始的。英国政府在2005年公布的调查显示，居民垃圾回收再利用率达到了23%。而当又一个十年过去之后，英国人在这方面的态度总体而言更加积极了，这一方面是由于人们对生存环境危机的认识，更重要的是，政府加强了垃圾分类回收的力度。目前，英国多数小区，每家门口会有一个黑色的垃圾桶，用于盛装不可回收垃圾，定期会有大型垃圾车来统一收走，一般每周一到两次，其余颜色的垃圾盒则用于可回收垃圾。有些地方更加严格，有9个分类垃圾桶：废弃食品要先放入泔水桶，之后再倒入户外的公用绿色大垃圾桶中；塑料瓶要放入粉红色的垃圾桶中；装玻璃、金属片、罐头盒和喷雾剂罐要丢进银桶里；硬纸板要放入绿桶中；报纸和杂志归入蓝桶；衣服和纺织品要入白桶；花园废物要装在带有褐色桶里；不可回收的废物要放入灰桶中。但我们更为常见的是厨房的3+1模式：塑料瓶、罐头盒；纸张、纸板；一般垃圾；厨余垃圾。相比较国内目前的垃圾分类，英国的垃圾分类更为具体和详尽，比如在可回收物这一块，英国将塑料瓶类和纸张纸板类是分开投放的。
    Not long ago, china has just emerged garbage classification fever, and the British garbage classification has been relatively mature. It is understood that the sorting and recycling of household waste in the UK began around 1995. A survey published by the British government in 2005 showed that residents' recycling rate was 23%. And after another decade, the British attitude in this regard has generally become more positive, partly because of the understanding of the environmental crisis and, more importantly, because the government has stepped up its efforts to recycle garbage. At present, most of the British community, each door will have a black garbage can, used to hold non-recyclable garbage, regularly there will be large garbage trucks to collect, generally once or twice a week, the rest of the color of garbage can be used for recycled garbage. Some places are more stringent, with nine sorted trash cans: discarded food is put in buckets and then poured into large outdoor communal green trash cans; plastic bottles are put in pink trash cans; glass,  l sheets, cans and spray cans are thrown into silver buckets; hard cardboard is placed in green buckets; newspapers and magazines are blue buckets; Clothes and textiles should be put in white buckets; garden waste should be in brown buckets; and non-recyclable waste should be put in grey buckets. But what's more common is the kitchen's 3+1 model: plastic bottles, cans; paper, cardboard; general waste; kitchen waste. Compared with the current domestic waste classification, the UK's waste classification is more specific and detailed, for example, in the recyclables of this piece, plastic bottles and paper cardboard categories in the UK are placed separately.

一周的“游”文化让我们收获颇多，美景、美食、美物。。。。。。我们更加期待接下来在雷丁大学、剑桥大学、布里斯托大学的“学”文化。。。。。。
    We have gained a lot of harvest during a whole week's travel culture, beautiful scenery, food, beauty. . . . . . We are looking forward to the next ``learning'' culture at Redding University, Cambridge University and Bristol University. . . . . . .
    海外社会实践——英国可持续建筑环境暑期社会实践，我们在路上。。。。。。
Overseas Social Practices–British Sustainable Building Environment Summer Social Practice,   we are on the way. . . . . .